Stanley Salthe
(1930-2024)
In the inaugural issue of the new journal,
Cosmos and History: The Journal of Natural and Social Philosophy vol.1, no.1 (2005), Stanley Salthe wrote the article "Energy and Semiotics: The Second Law and The Origin of Life."
He starts (p.128) by "deconstructing the thermodynamic concepts of work and waste." He then identifies "
meaning" in Nature with energy dissipation processes, which
Ilya Prigogine claimed bring "order out of chaos."
ABSTRACT: After deconstructing the thermodynamic concepts of work and waste, I take up
Howard Odum’s idea of energy quality, which tallies the overall amount of energy needed to
be dissipated in order to accomplish some work of interest. This was developed from economic
considerations that give obvious meaning to the work accomplished. But the energy quality
idea can be used to import meaning more generally into Nature. It could be viewed as
projecting meaning back from any marked work into preceding energy gradient dissipations
that immediately paved the way for it. But any work done by an abiotic dissipative structure,
since it would be without positive economic significance, would also be difficult to mark as a
starting point for the energy quality calculation. Furthermore, any (for humans) destructive
work as by hurricanes or floods, with negative economic significance, would not seem to merit
the quality calculation either. But there has been abiotic work of keen interest to us—that
which mediated the origin of life. Some kind(s) of abiotic dissipative structures had to have
been the framework(s) that fostered this process, regardless of how it might come to be
understood in detail. Since all dissipative structures have the same thermodynamic and
informational organization in common, any of them might provide the material context for the
origin of something. So we can pick any starting point we wish, and calculate backward what
sequence of energy usages would have been necessary to set it up. Given such an open ended
project, we could not find an obvious place in any sequence to stop and start the forward the
calculation, and so we would need to take it right back to an ultimate beginning, like the
insolation of some area, or the outpouring of Earth’s thermal energy. Any energy dissipation
might be the beginning of something of importance, and so Nature is as replete with potential
meanings as it is with energy gradients.
KEYWORDS: Dissipative structures; Energy dissipation; Energy quality; Entropy production;
Final cause; Meaning; Origin of life; Scale; Semiotics
Here we need to confront a common objection to this theoretical orientation—that
if a system were to maximize its entropy production rate it would thereby likely disrupt
its own organization. The critical point is to distinguish energy supplies making up a
system’s own material embodiment from the external energy gradients that it is capable
of consuming. If a system increases the entropy production of its locale, this does not
necessarily mean that it will consume or disrupt itself. The basic thermodynamic fact
about living systems is that they consume external energy gradients, thereby (because of
generic poor energy efficiency) producing entropy into their immediate environment,
and, as well, that they ship outside any entropy produced internally, thereby preserving
their own form (Schroedinger, 1956).
Energy and Semiotics, p.128
In his final summary, Salthe says...
Potential energy exists in orderly forms of many sizes, and work takes place at all
scales, but thermodynamic order is calculated at the molecular level. Odum’s energy
quality can be used to scale energy dissipation. The thermodynamic need to specify
work implies semiotics, and energy quality is inherently semiotic. Work requires
information, which varies with kinds of energy consumers. The meaning of high quality
energy dissipation is the support of particular systems, and this meaning is reflected
back to all prior energy dissipations (including abiotic ones) from the same basic
gradient that helped to raise its quality. These considerations lead us to final causality.
The major physical effect of evolutionary / semiosic processes is delay in the
reradiation of solar energy from the earth by its being captured in configurations that
impose friction on its dissipation. These frictional activities dissipate energy gradients
not otherwise accessible to derogation. A plenitude of exergy extractions have evolved
on Earth to dissipate a plethora of energy gradients, thereby furthering the
equilibration of the Universe.
The problem of the origin of life requires the pansemiotic view that meaning is
present throughout Nature. Life, fostered by macroscopic dissipative structures, was
interpolated into prior abiotic ecologies. Since this could occur only under certain
conditions, it is premature to conclude that only entropy production in the service of
the Second Law can be the final cause of abiotic dissipation. This view allows meaning
to be present, however vaguely, in prebiotic systems, and so can be allocated to abiotic
systems generally. The origin of life is viewed as having been a way to increase the
entropy production of the earth’s surface. Since natural systems actively strive for
survival, their entropy production tends to be maximized by way of maximizing the
rates of dissipation of their energy supplies. We can postulate a protobiotic dissipative
system that could accept the interpolation of, and takeover by, a genetic system. As
microscopic, this latter would become a locus of meaning, with associated macro and
mega levels deriving their meanings from there by way of Odum’s energy quality
concept. Meaning at these larger scales would have eventually been codified and
sharpened by the evolution of biofilms, organisms and populations.
Energy and Semiotics, p.142
Normal |
Teacher |
Scholar