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Philosophers

Mortimer Adler
Rogers Albritton
Alexander of Aphrodisias
Samuel Alexander
William Alston
Anaximander
G.E.M.Anscombe
Anselm
Louise Antony
Thomas Aquinas
Aristotle
David Armstrong
Harald Atmanspacher
Robert Audi
Augustine
J.L.Austin
A.J.Ayer
Alexander Bain
Mark Balaguer
Jeffrey Barrett
William Barrett
William Belsham
Henri Bergson
George Berkeley
Isaiah Berlin
Richard J. Bernstein
Bernard Berofsky
Robert Bishop
Max Black
Susanne Bobzien
Emil du Bois-Reymond
Hilary Bok
Laurence BonJour
George Boole
Émile Boutroux
Daniel Boyd
F.H.Bradley
C.D.Broad
Michael Burke
Lawrence Cahoone
C.A.Campbell
Joseph Keim Campbell
Rudolf Carnap
Carneades
Nancy Cartwright
Gregg Caruso
Ernst Cassirer
David Chalmers
Roderick Chisholm
Chrysippus
Cicero
Randolph Clarke
Samuel Clarke
Anthony Collins
Antonella Corradini
Diodorus Cronus
Jonathan Dancy
Donald Davidson
Mario De Caro
Democritus
Daniel Dennett
Jacques Derrida
René Descartes
Richard Double
Fred Dretske
John Dupré
John Earman
Laura Waddell Ekstrom
Epictetus
Epicurus
Austin Farrer
Herbert Feigl
Arthur Fine
John Martin Fischer
Frederic Fitch
Owen Flanagan
Luciano Floridi
Philippa Foot
Alfred Fouilleé
Harry Frankfurt
Richard L. Franklin
Bas van Fraassen
Michael Frede
Gottlob Frege
Peter Geach
Edmund Gettier
Carl Ginet
Alvin Goldman
Gorgias
Nicholas St. John Green
H.Paul Grice
Ian Hacking
Ishtiyaque Haji
Stuart Hampshire
W.F.R.Hardie
Sam Harris
William Hasker
R.M.Hare
Georg W.F. Hegel
Martin Heidegger
Heraclitus
R.E.Hobart
Thomas Hobbes
David Hodgson
Shadsworth Hodgson
Baron d'Holbach
Ted Honderich
Pamela Huby
David Hume
Ferenc Huoranszki
Frank Jackson
William James
Lord Kames
Robert Kane
Immanuel Kant
Tomis Kapitan
Walter Kaufmann
Jaegwon Kim
William King
Hilary Kornblith
Christine Korsgaard
Saul Kripke
Thomas Kuhn
Andrea Lavazza
Christoph Lehner
Keith Lehrer
Gottfried Leibniz
Jules Lequyer
Leucippus
Michael Levin
Joseph Levine
George Henry Lewes
C.I.Lewis
David Lewis
Peter Lipton
C. Lloyd Morgan
John Locke
Michael Lockwood
Arthur O. Lovejoy
E. Jonathan Lowe
John R. Lucas
Lucretius
Alasdair MacIntyre
Ruth Barcan Marcus
Tim Maudlin
James Martineau
Nicholas Maxwell
Storrs McCall
Hugh McCann
Colin McGinn
Michael McKenna
Brian McLaughlin
John McTaggart
Paul E. Meehl
Uwe Meixner
Alfred Mele
Trenton Merricks
John Stuart Mill
Dickinson Miller
G.E.Moore
Thomas Nagel
Otto Neurath
Friedrich Nietzsche
John Norton
P.H.Nowell-Smith
Robert Nozick
William of Ockham
Timothy O'Connor
Parmenides
David F. Pears
Charles Sanders Peirce
Derk Pereboom
Steven Pinker
Plato
Karl Popper
Porphyry
Huw Price
H.A.Prichard
Protagoras
Hilary Putnam
Willard van Orman Quine
Frank Ramsey
Ayn Rand
Michael Rea
Thomas Reid
Charles Renouvier
Nicholas Rescher
C.W.Rietdijk
Richard Rorty
Josiah Royce
Bertrand Russell
Paul Russell
Gilbert Ryle
Jean-Paul Sartre
Kenneth Sayre
T.M.Scanlon
Moritz Schlick
Arthur Schopenhauer
John Searle
Wilfrid Sellars
Alan Sidelle
Ted Sider
Henry Sidgwick
Walter Sinnott-Armstrong
J.J.C.Smart
Saul Smilansky
Michael Smith
Baruch Spinoza
L. Susan Stebbing
Isabelle Stengers
George F. Stout
Galen Strawson
Peter Strawson
Eleonore Stump
Francisco Suárez
Richard Taylor
Kevin Timpe
Mark Twain
Peter Unger
Peter van Inwagen
Manuel Vargas
John Venn
Kadri Vihvelin
Voltaire
G.H. von Wright
David Foster Wallace
R. Jay Wallace
W.G.Ward
Ted Warfield
Roy Weatherford
C.F. von Weizsäcker
William Whewell
Alfred North Whitehead
David Widerker
David Wiggins
Bernard Williams
Timothy Williamson
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Susan Wolf

Scientists

David Albert
Michael Arbib
Walter Baade
Bernard Baars
Jeffrey Bada
Leslie Ballentine
Marcello Barbieri
Gregory Bateson
Horace Barlow
John S. Bell
Mara Beller
Charles Bennett
Ludwig von Bertalanffy
Susan Blackmore
Margaret Boden
David Bohm
Niels Bohr
Ludwig Boltzmann
Emile Borel
Max Born
Satyendra Nath Bose
Walther Bothe
Jean Bricmont
Hans Briegel
Leon Brillouin
Stephen Brush
Henry Thomas Buckle
S. H. Burbury
Melvin Calvin
Donald Campbell
Sadi Carnot
Anthony Cashmore
Eric Chaisson
Gregory Chaitin
Jean-Pierre Changeux
Rudolf Clausius
Arthur Holly Compton
John Conway
Jerry Coyne
John Cramer
Francis Crick
E. P. Culverwell
Antonio Damasio
Olivier Darrigol
Charles Darwin
Richard Dawkins
Terrence Deacon
Lüder Deecke
Richard Dedekind
Louis de Broglie
Stanislas Dehaene
Max Delbrück
Abraham de Moivre
Bernard d'Espagnat
Paul Dirac
Hans Driesch
John Eccles
Arthur Stanley Eddington
Gerald Edelman
Paul Ehrenfest
Manfred Eigen
Albert Einstein
George F. R. Ellis
Hugh Everett, III
Franz Exner
Richard Feynman
R. A. Fisher
David Foster
Joseph Fourier
Philipp Frank
Steven Frautschi
Edward Fredkin
Benjamin Gal-Or
Howard Gardner
Lila Gatlin
Michael Gazzaniga
Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen
GianCarlo Ghirardi
J. Willard Gibbs
James J. Gibson
Nicolas Gisin
Paul Glimcher
Thomas Gold
A. O. Gomes
Brian Goodwin
Joshua Greene
Dirk ter Haar
Jacques Hadamard
Mark Hadley
Patrick Haggard
J. B. S. Haldane
Stuart Hameroff
Augustin Hamon
Sam Harris
Ralph Hartley
Hyman Hartman
Jeff Hawkins
John-Dylan Haynes
Donald Hebb
Martin Heisenberg
Werner Heisenberg
John Herschel
Basil Hiley
Art Hobson
Jesper Hoffmeyer
Don Howard
John H. Jackson
William Stanley Jevons
Roman Jakobson
E. T. Jaynes
Pascual Jordan
Eric Kandel
Ruth E. Kastner
Stuart Kauffman
Martin J. Klein
William R. Klemm
Christof Koch
Simon Kochen
Hans Kornhuber
Stephen Kosslyn
Daniel Koshland
Ladislav Kovàč
Leopold Kronecker
Rolf Landauer
Alfred Landé
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Karl Lashley
David Layzer
Joseph LeDoux
Gerald Lettvin
Gilbert Lewis
Benjamin Libet
David Lindley
Seth Lloyd
Hendrik Lorentz
Werner Loewenstein
Josef Loschmidt
Ernst Mach
Donald MacKay
Henry Margenau
Owen Maroney
David Marr
Humberto Maturana
James Clerk Maxwell
Ernst Mayr
John McCarthy
Warren McCulloch
N. David Mermin
George Miller
Stanley Miller
Ulrich Mohrhoff
Jacques Monod
Vernon Mountcastle
Emmy Noether
Donald Norman
Alexander Oparin
Abraham Pais
Howard Pattee
Wolfgang Pauli
Massimo Pauri
Wilder Penfield
Roger Penrose
Steven Pinker
Colin Pittendrigh
Walter Pitts
Max Planck
Susan Pockett
Henri Poincaré
Daniel Pollen
Ilya Prigogine
Hans Primas
Zenon Pylyshyn
Henry Quastler
Adolphe Quételet
Pasco Rakic
Nicolas Rashevsky
Lord Rayleigh
Frederick Reif
Jürgen Renn
Giacomo Rizzolati
Emil Roduner
Juan Roederer
Jerome Rothstein
David Ruelle
David Rumelhart
Tilman Sauer
Ferdinand de Saussure
Jürgen Schmidhuber
Erwin Schrödinger
Aaron Schurger
Sebastian Seung
Thomas Sebeok
Franco Selleri
Claude Shannon
Charles Sherrington
David Shiang
Abner Shimony
Herbert Simon
Dean Keith Simonton
Edmund Sinnott
B. F. Skinner
Lee Smolin
Ray Solomonoff
Roger Sperry
John Stachel
Henry Stapp
Tom Stonier
Antoine Suarez
Leo Szilard
Max Tegmark
Teilhard de Chardin
Libb Thims
William Thomson (Kelvin)
Richard Tolman
Giulio Tononi
Peter Tse
Alan Turing
Francisco Varela
Vlatko Vedral
Mikhail Volkenstein
Heinz von Foerster
Richard von Mises
John von Neumann
Jakob von Uexküll
C. S. Unnikrishnan
C. H. Waddington
John B. Watson
Daniel Wegner
Steven Weinberg
Paul A. Weiss
Herman Weyl
John Wheeler
Wilhelm Wien
Norbert Wiener
Eugene Wigner
E. O. Wilson
Günther Witzany
Stephen Wolfram
H. Dieter Zeh
Semir Zeki
Ernst Zermelo
Wojciech Zurek
Konrad Zuse
Fritz Zwicky

Presentations

Biosemiotics
Free Will
Mental Causation
James Symposium
 
R. M. Hare

R. M. Hare was a moral philosopher, who thought "about moral questions by exposing the logical structure of the language in which this thought is expressed."

He was an early member of the so-called "Ordinary Language School of Philosophy", which proposed to "dis-solve" the classical unanswered questions of philosophy by regarding them as "pseudo-problems" to be analyzed as linguistic problems.

Hare succeeded J. L. Austin as White's Professor of Moral Philosophy at Oxford. He discusses issues of freedom in his earlier Freedom and Reason, and in later essays like "Prediction and Moral Appraisal" (originally Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 1978, repr. in his Essays on Bioethics, 1993).

Hare writes of the necessity to simplify some of the basic tenets in the so-called "Free Will controversy", especially when looking for its application in practical policies.

But Hare did not see that one of the great predecessors of analytic language philosophy had already dis-solved the "free will" problem as a confusion of language.

John Locke pointed out in 1690 that the adjective "free" applies to the agent, not to the will, which is determined by the mind, and which determines the action.

I think the question is not proper, whether the will be free, but whether a man be free... This way of talking, nevertheless, has prevailed, and, as I guess, produced great confusion.
To be fair, the problems of moral responsibility need to be separated from the problem of free will, and Hare knows that moral problems are real problems, not pseudo-problems.
"Determinism and Libertarianism are still thought by many to be locked in a conflict which philosophers have been unable to resolve, and it is also thought that the conflict is of great practical significance, so that for example, important policy decisions about the punishment of offenders or the education of children hang upon its solution. But in fact I do not think that many of those who have come down decisively on one of what they think are the two sides of the so-called 'Free Will controversy' have been caused thereby to alter their opinions on any important practical question -- or if they have, they have lacked reason. For as soon as we ask, what an extreme determinist or an extreme libertarian would have to say about practical issues as a result of embracing their doctrines, both are faced with the same dilemma. Either they say that the consequences of their views are something so utterly absurd as to cast doubt on the seriousness of anybody who maintains them; or they say that the consequences are no different from what the rest of us think -- in which case, they are left, in spite of their alleged dispute, in substantial agreement with one another and with the ordinary man. This is, in short, one of the class of puzzles which used to be called 'pseudo-problems' -- a very misleading expression, because if something is a problem for someone, it really is a problem for him and he needs to solve it. What the people who invented this term ought to have said is that there are different kinds of problems, of which some admit a 'yes'-or-'no' answer; others, such as this one, require instead a fuller understanding of the question itself, to see the pitfalls and ambiguities in it".
Universal Prescriptivism
Hare extended Immanuel Kant's Categorical Imperative by insisting that all the words used in such imperatives must be universals. There should be no references to the individuals involved, no pronouns like you or I, us or they.

Secondly, you must be prepared to act yourself on that imperative, no matter what position you are in. This resembles John Rawls' "veil of ignorance."

For Teachers
For Scholars
Notes

1.

Bibliography
1949. 'Imperative Sentences' (pdf file), Mind 58. Repr. in 1971c.
1950a. Review of E. W. Hirst, Morality and God, Philosophy 25.
1950b. Review of H. A. Prichard, Moral Obligation and Knowledge and Perception, Oxford Magazine (15 June).
1950c. 'Theology and Falsification', University I. Repr. in A. G. N. Flew and A. MacIntyre, eds., New Essays in Philosophical Theology (London: SCM Press, 1955); in R. E. Santoni, ed., Religious Language (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 1968); in 1992d; and in other collections. Italian translation in collection ed. by G. Gava (Liviana, 1972).
1951a. 'Freedom of the Will', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, supp. vol. 25. Repr. in 1972b.
1951b. Review of G. C. Field, The Philosophy of Plato, Mind 60.
1951c. Review of S. E. Toulmin, An Examination of the Place of Reason in Ethics, Philosophical Quarterly I.
1951d. Review of R. Lepley, ed., Value: A Cooperative Inquiry, Mind 60.
1952a. Review of H. D. Lewis, Morals and Revelation, Philosophy 27.
1952b.(LM) The Language of Morals (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Italian translation, Il linguaggio della morale (Rome: Ubaldini, 1968); German, Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1972; Japanese, Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1981; Portuguese, Sao Paolo: Martins Fontes, 1996. Extracts in Danish translation, Copenhagen: Gyldendalike, 1976.
1954a. Review of E. W. Hall, What is Value?, Mind 63.
1954b. Review of The Ethics of Aristotle, trans. J. A. K. Thompson, Oxford Magazine 62 (25 Feb.).
1954c. Review of J. Wisdom, Philosophy and Psychoanalysis. Philosophy 29.
1955a. 'Universalisability', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 55. Repr. in 1972b. German translation in G. Grewendorf and G. Meggle, eds., Seminar: Sprache und Ethik (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1974): Spanish in E. Rabossi and E Salmeron. eds., Etica y Analisis I (Mexico City: Mexico University Press, 1976).
1955b. 'Ethics and Politics' (two articles and letters), Listener (Oct.). Spanish translation, 'Etica y Politica' in Revista Universidad de San Carlos 33. First article repr. in 1972d, in M. Wakin, ed., War, Morality and the Military Profession (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1979), and in P. Werhane, ed., Ethical Issues in Business (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1991).
1956a. Review of P. H. Nowell-Smith, Ethics, Philosophy 31.
1956b. Review of U. Scarpelli, Filosofia analitica e giurisprudenza, Mind 65.
1957a. 'Geach: Good and Evil', Analysis 7. Repr. in P. Foot, ed.,Theories of Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967) and in 1972b. Spanish translation in E. Rabossi and E. Salmeron, eds., Etica y Analisis I (Mexico City: Mexico University Press, 1976).
1957b. 'Oxford Moral Philosophy' (letters), Listener (21 Feb. and 28 Mar.).
1957c. Review of A. J. Ayer, The Problem of Knowledge and B. Russell, Logic and Knowledge, Spectator (4 Jan.).
1957d. 'Are Discoveries about the Uses of Words Empirical?' (pdf file), Journal of Philosophy 34. Full version in 1960a.
1957e. Review of J. O. Urmson, Philosophical Analysis and A. J. Ayer et al., The Revolution in Philosophy. Philosophische Rundschau 5 (in German).
1957f. 'Religion and Morals' in B. G. Mitchell, ed., Faith and Logic (London: Allen & Unwin).
1957g. Review of British Philosophy in the Mid-Century, ed. C. A. Mace, Spectator.
1959a. 'Broad's Approach to Moral Philosophy', in P. Schilpp, ed., The Philosophy of C. D. Broad (New York: Tudor). Repr. in 1971c and in 1971d.
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1960c. Review of F. E. Sparshott, An Enquiry into Goodness. Philosophical Quarterly 10.
1960d. "'Rien n'a d'importance": I'aneantissement es valeurs est-il pensable?', also discussion of other papers, in L. Beck, ed., La Philosophie analytique (Paris: Minuit). English version, 'Nothing Matters', in 1972d. Repr. in T. Beauchamp, ed., Death and Dying (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 1978); E. Klemke, ed., The Meaning of Life (NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1981); J. Halberstam, d., Virtues and Values (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1987), and other collections. German translation (abridged) in C. Fehige and G. Meggle, eds., Der Sinn des Lebens (Munich: 1995).
1960e. 'Ethics', in J. O. Urmson, ed., Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers (London: Rainbird). Repr. in M. Lipman, ed., Growing Up with Philosophy (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 1978), and in 1972b.
1962. Review of M. Singer, Generalization in Ethics, Philosophical Quarterly 12.
1963a. (FR) Freedom and Reason (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Italian translation, Milan: II Saggiatore, 1971: German, Dusseldorf: Patmos, 1975, republished Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1983.
1963b. 'Descriptivism', Proceedings of the British Academy 49. Repr. in W. D. Hudson, ed., The Is-Ought Question (London: Macmillan, 1969) and in 1972b. German translation in G. Grewendorf and G. Meggle, eds., Seminar: Sprache und Ethik (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1974): Spanish in E. Rabossi and E Salmeron, eds., Etica y Analisis I (Mexico City: Mexico University Press, 1976); Serbo-Croat in collection ed. by J. Babi-Avdispabic (Sarajevo: Svjetlost, 1987).
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1964a. 'Pain and Evil', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. supp. vol. 38. Repr. in J. Feinberg, ed., Moral Concepts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969) and in 1972b.
1964b. 'Adolescents into Adults', in T. C. B. Hollins, ed., Aims in Education (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Repr. in 1972d and 1992d.
1964c. 'A Question about Plato's Theory of Ideas', in M. Bunge, ed., The Critical Approach: Essays in Honor of Karl Popper (Glencoe, III.: Free Press of Glencoe). Repr. in 1971d.
1964d. 'The Promising Game', Revue Internationale de Philosophie 70. Repr. in P. Foot . ed.. Theories of Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1967); W. D. Hudson, ed., The Is-Ought Question (London: Macmillan, 1969); and in 1989b. Spanish translation in E. Rabossi and E Salmeron, eds., Etica y Analisis I (Mexico City: Mexico University Press, 1976), Polish in Etyka (1979)
1964e. 'Wat is Leven?', Elseviers Weekblad (in Dutch). English version in 1965b.
1964f. 'The Objectivity of Values', Common Factor I.
1965a. Review of G. H. von Wright, Norm and Action, Philosophical Quarterly 15.
1965b. 'What is Life?', Crucible (English version of 1964e). Repr. in 1972d.
1965c. 'Plato and the Mathematicians', in R. Bambrough, ed., New Essays on Plato and Aristotle (London: Routledge). Repr. in 1971d.
1966. 'Peace', RSA Lecture, Australian National University, Canberra, privately printed. Repr. in J. Rachels, ed., Moral Problems (New York: Harper & Row, 1970), and in 1972d.
1967a. 'The Lawful Government', in P. Laslett and W. G. Runciman, eds., Philosophy, Politics and Society (Oxford: Blackwell). Repr. in J. Rachels and E Tillman, eds., Moral and Social Problems (New York: Harper & Row, 1971). and 1972d.
1967b. 'Conventional Morality', 'Decision', 'Deliberation', 'Ethics', 'Intention', and 'Right and Wrong', in J. Macquarrie, ed., Dictionary of Christian Ethics (London: SCM Press).
1967c. Review of S. Hampshire, Freedom of the Individual, Philosophical Review 76.
1967d. 'Some Alleged Differences between Imperatives and Indicatives' (pdf file), Mind 76. Repr. in 1971c.
1968a. Review of G. J. Warnock, Contemporary Moral Philosophy, Mind 77.
1968b. Review of R. S. Peters, The Concept of Education, Mind 77.
1969a. 'Practical Inferences', in V. Kruse, ed., Festskrift til Alf Ross (Copenhagen: Juristforbundets Vorlag). Repr. in 1971c.
1969b. Review of A. Ross, Directives and Norms, Mind 78.
1969c. 'Community and Communication', in S. Verney, ed., People and Cities (London: Fontana). Repr. in 1972d.
1969d. Review of B. G. Mitchell, Law, Morality and Religion, Philosophy 44.
1970a. 'Meaning and Speech Acts' (pdf file), Philosophical Review 79. Repr. in 1971c.
1970b. 'Condizioni intellettuali per la sopravvivenza dell' uomo', Proteus I.
1970c. Reply to R. S. Katz, 'Liberals, Fanatics and Not-so-innocent Bystanders', Jowett Papers, 1968-1969, ed. B. Y. Khanbhai et al. (Oxford: Blackwell).
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1971a. Review of L. van der Post, The Prisoner and the Bomb, New York Review of Books 17 (20 May).
1971b. 'Wanting: Some Pitfalls', in R. Binkley et al., eds., Agent, Action and Reason (Toronto, Ont.: Toronto University Press). Repr. in 1971c. German translation in A. Beckermann and G. Meggle, eds., Analytische Handlungstheorie (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1985).
1971c. Practical Inferences, containing 1959a, 1949, 1969a, 1970a, 197Ib, 'Austin's Distinction between Locutionary and Illocutionary Acts', and new appendices (London: Macmillan).
1971d. Essays on Philosophical Method, containing 1959a, 1960a, 1960b, 1964c, 1965c, 'The Practical Relevance of Philosophy', and 'The Argument from Received Opinion' (London: Macmillan). Italian translation, Armando, 1977.
1971e. 'Drugs and the Role of the Doctor', and other contributions to I. T. Ramsey and R. Porter, eds., Personality and Science (Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone).
1972a. 'Principles', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 73. Repr. in 1989b.
1972b. Essays on the Moral Concepts, containing 1951a (part), 1955a, 1957a, 1960e, 1963b, 1964a, and 'Wrongness and Harm' (London: Macmillan).
1972c. 'Rules of War and Moral Reasoning' (pdf file), Philosophy and Public Affairs I, Repr. in M. Cohen et al., eds., War and Moral Responsibility (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1974), and in 1989c.
1972d. Applications of Moral Philosophy, containing 1955b (first article), 1960d (English version), 1964b, 1965b, 1966, 1967a, 1969c, 'Reasons of State', and 'Function and Tradition in Architecture' (London: Macmillan). Japanese translation, Tokyo: Keiso Shobo, 1981.
1972e. Review of G. J. Warnock, The Object of Morality, Ratio 14 (also in German edition).
1972f. 'Wissenschaft und praktische Philosophie', in A Diemer, ed., Proc. of 9. Deutscher Kongressfur Philosophie und Wissenschaft (Meisenheim: Hain).
1973a. Critical Study, 'Rawls' Theory of Justice' I and II, Philosophical Quarterly 23. Repr. in N. Daniels, ed., Reading Rawls (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), and in 1989b.
1973b. 'The Simple Believer', in G. Outka and J. P. Reeder, eds., Religion and Morality (New York: Anchor Press). Repr. in T. Beauchamp et al., eds., Philosophy and the Human Condition (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980), and in 1992d.
1973c. 'Language and Moral Education', in G. Langford and D. J. O'Connor, eds., New Essays in the Philosophy of Education (London: Routledge). Repr. in 1979d with criticism by G. J. Warnock and reply, and in 1992d with reply only.
1973d. 'Sad Moralny (Moral Judgment)', Etyka II (Warsaw), with abstracts in English and Russian.
1974a. Comment on R. Edgley, 'Reason and Violence', in S. Korner, ed., Practical Reason (Oxford: Blackwell).
1974b. 'The Abnormal Child: Moral Dilemmas of Doctors and Parents', Documentation in Medical Ethics 3. Repr. as 'Survival of the Weakest' in S. Gorovitz, ed., Moral Problems in Medicine (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1976), and in 1993c. German translation in A. Leist, ed., Um Leben urld Tod (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1990).
1974c. 'Platonism in Moral Education: Two Varieties', Monist 58. Repr. in 1992d. French translation in M. Canto-Sperber, ed., volume of essays on Plato's Meno (Paris: Jacob, 1990).
1974d. 'What Use is Moral Philosophy', TV discussion with A. J. P. Kenny, in Philosophy in the Open (Milton Keynes: Open University).
1975a. 'Contrasting Methods of Environmental Planning', in R. S. Peters, ed., Nature and Conduct, Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures (London: Macmillan). Repr. in K. Goodpaster and K. Sayre. eds., Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press. 1979), and in 1989c.
1975b. 'Autonomy as an Educational Ideal', in S. C. Brown, ed., Philosophers Discuss Education (London: Macmillan). Repr. in 1992d.
1975c. 'Abortion and the Golden Rule' (pdf file), Philosophy and Public Affairs 4. Repr. in R. Baker and E Elliston, eds., Philosophy and Sex (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus, 1975): in Moral Problems, ed. J. Rachels (New York: Harper & Row, 1978): in D. Goldberg, ed., Ethical Theory and Society (New York: Holt Rinehart, 1987): and in 1993c. German translation in A. Leist, ed., Um Leben und Tod (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1990): Italian in G. Ferranti and S. Maffettone, eds., Introduzione alla bioetica (Naples: Liguori, 1991 ).
1975d. 'Euthanasia: A Christian View'. Philosophic Exchange 2 (Proceedings of Center for Philosophic Exchange). Repr. in 1992d.
1976a. 'Ethical Theory and Utilitarianism', in H. D. Lewis, ed., Contemporary British Philosophy 4 (London: Allen & Unwin). Repr. in A. K. Sen and B. A. Williams, eds., Utilitarianism and Beyond (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982): in D. Barnett, ed., Western Moral Philosophy (Mountain View, Calif.: Mayfield, 1994) and in 1989b.
1976b. 'Some Confusions about Subjectivity', in J. Bricke, ed., Freedom and Morality (Lawrence, Kan.: University of Kansas Press). Repr. in 1989b.
1976c. 'Political Obligation', in T. Honderich, ed., Social Ends and Political Means (London: Routledge). Repr. in 1989c.
1976d. 'Value Education in a Pluralist Society: A Philosophical Glance at the Humanities Curriculum Project', in R. S. Peters, ed., Proceedings of the Philosophy of Education Society of Great Britain 10. Repr. in M. Lipman, ed., Growing Up with Philosophy (Philadelphia. Pa.: Temple University Press. 1978), and in 1992d.
1976e. Review of H.-N. Castaneda, The Structure of Morality, Journal of Philosophy 73.
1977a. 'Medical Ethics: Can the Moral Philosopher Help?', in S. Spicker and T. Engelhardt, eds., Philosophy and Medicine 3: Philosophical Medical Ethics, its Nature and Significance (Dordrecht: Reidel). Repr. in 1993c.
1977b. 'Geach on Murder and Sodomy' (about 'is'-'ought' derivations), Philosophy 52.
1977c. 'Opportunity for What? Some Remarks on Current Disputes on Equality in Education', Oxford Review of Education 3. Repr. in 1992d.
1977d. 'Sprawiedliwosc i rownosc', Etyka 15 (Warsaw) (in Polish, with abstracts in English and Russian). English version in 1978d. repr. in 1989c. Discussed in 1979h.
1978a. 'Prediction and Moral Appraisal', Midwest Studies in Philosophy 3. Repr. in 1993c.
1978b. 'Relevance', in A. Goldman and J. Kim. eds., Values and Morals (Dordrecht: Reidel). Repr. in 1989b.
1978c. 'Moral Philosophy', TV interview with B. Magee in his Men of Ideas (London: BBC).
1978d. 'Justice and Equality', in J. Arthur and W. Shaw. eds., Justice and Economic Distribution (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall). Revised English version of 1977d. Repr. in J. Sterba, ed., Justice: Alternative Political Perspectives (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1991); in W. Kymlicka, ed. Justice in Political Philosophy (Aldershot: Elgar, 1992): in L. Pojman and R Westmoreland, eds., Equality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997): in M. Hajdin, ed., The Notion of Equality (forthcoming): and in 1989C. Discussed in 1979h.
1979a. 'What Makes Choices Rational?', Review of Metaphysics 32. Repr. in 1989b.
1979b. 'What is Wrong with Slavery' (pdf file), Philosophy and Public Affairs 8. Repr. in J. Arthur, ed., Morality and Moral Controversies (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979); in P. Singer, ed., Readings in Applied Ethics, (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986); in T. Lott, ed., Slavery and Social Philosophy (Totowa. NJ: Rowman & Littlefield, 1998); and in 1989c. German translation in Conceptus 15 (1981).
1979c. 'Non-descriptivist Ethics' and 'Utilitarianism' in W. Reich, ed., Encyclopedia of Bioethics (New York: Free Press).
1979d. Reprint of 1973c with criticism by G. J. Warnock and reply, in D. B. Cochrane et al., The Domain of Moral Education (Toronto, Ont.: Paulist Press). Repr. without Warnock's criticism in 1992d.
1979e. 'Universal and Past-Tense Prescriptions: A Reply to Mr. Ibberson' Analysis 39.
1979f. 'On Terrorism', Journal of Value Inquiry I3. Repr. in 1989c.
1979g. 'Utilitarianism and the Vicarious Affects', in E. Sosa, ed., The Philosophy of Nicholas Rescher (Dordrecht: Reidel). Repr. in 1989b.
1979h. 'Justice and Equality: Some Comments on the 1979 Symposium in Warsaw', Dialectics and Humanism 6 (Warsaw). Contains discussion of 1978d.
1979i. 'Behaviour Therapy and Moral Responsibility', Midwife, Health Visitor and Community Nurse (London).
1980a. 'Moral Conflicts' (pdf file), in S. McMurrin, ed., The Tanner Lectures on Human Values vol. 1 (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press and Cambridge Cambridge University Press). Revised in 1981a, chs. 2 f.
1980b. Review of T. Nagel, Mortal Questions, Philosophical Books 21.
1981a. (MT) Moral Thinking: Its Levels, Method and Point, with bibliography of R. M. Hare's writings 1971-80 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Italian translation, Bologna: II Mulino, 1989: Chinese, Hong Kong: Philosophia, 1992; German, Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1992: Japanese, Tokyo: Keiso, 1994; Swedish, Stockholm: Thales, 1995.
1981b. Review of P. Singer, The Expanding Circle. New Republic (7 Feb.).
1981c. 'On a Misunderstanding of Geach's', Analysis 41.
1981d. 'On the Possibility of a Rational Foundation of Norms', in A. S. Skiadas, ed., Scientific and Extra-scientific Rationality (Proceedings of conference of Ellenike Anthropistike Etaireia at Portaria, Thessaly, 1978) (Athens).
1982a. Plato (Oxford: Oxford University Press). German translation, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1990; Spanish, Madrid: Alianza, 1992: Malaysian, Kuala Lumpur: DBP, 1993; Romanian, Bucharest: Humanitas, 1997; Polish, Warsaw: Urbanski, forthcoming; Portuguese, Lisbon: Presenca, forthcoming; Indonesian, Jakarta: Grafiti, forthcoming. Repr. in R. M. Hare, J. Barnes, and H. Chadwick, Founders of Thought (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991), Czech translation, Prague: Svoboda, 1994; Chinese translation forthcoming
1982b. 'Utilitarianism and Double Standards: A Reply to Dr. Annas' (pdf file), Oxford Review of Education 8.
1982c. 'Moral Philosophy: Some Waymarks' (in Hebrew), in A. Kasher and S. Lappin, eds., New Trends in Philosophy (Tel Aviv: Yachdav).
1982d. Interview with Carl Rudbeck, Svenska Dagbladet, Feb. (in Swedish).
1983a. 'Philosophical Introduction', in S. Bloch and P. Chodoff, eds., Psychiatric Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Repr. as 'The Philosophical Basis of Psychiatric Ethics', in 1993c.
1983b. 'On the Scientific Justification of Norms', in A. Diemer, ed., 16. Weltkongress fur Philosophie (Frankfurt a. M.: Peter Lang).
1984a. 'Do Agents Have to be Moralists?', in Edward Regis, Jr., Gewirth's Ethical Rationalism (Chicago, III.: University of Chicago Press).
1984b. 'Supervenience', Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society. supp. vol.56. Repr. in 1989b.
1984c. 'Utility and Rights: Comment on David Lyons' Paper', Nomos 24: Ethics, Economics and the Law. Repr. in 1989c.
1984d. 'Arguing about Rights' Emory Law Journal 33. Repr. in 1989c.
I984e. 'Liberty and Equality: How Politics Masquerades as Philosophy'. Social Philosophy and Policy 2. Repr. in 1989c.
1984f. 'Some Reasoning about Preferences: A Response to Essays by Persson, Feldman and Schueler,' (pdf file) Ethics 95. Repr. in 1989b.
1984g. 'Rights, Utility and Universalization: a Reply to John Mackie', in R. Frey, ed., Utility and Rights (Minneapolis, Minn.: University of Minnesota Press). Repr. in 1989c.
1985a. 'Ontology in Ethics'. in T. Honderich, ed., Morality and Objectivity Tribute to J. L. Mackie (London: Routledge). Repr. in 1989b.
1985b. 'Philosophy and Practice: Some Issues about War and Peace', in A. P. Griffiths, ed., Philosophy and Practice (Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures 19, supp. to Philosophy 59) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Repr. in 1989c.
1985c. 'Little Human Guinea-Pigs', in M. Lockwood, ed., Moral Dilemmas in Modern Medicine (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Repr. in 1993c.
1985d. 'The Ethics of Experimentation on Human Children', in R. B. Marcus et al., eds., Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science 7 (Proceedings of 7th International Congress of Logic, Methodology and Philosophy of Science. Salzburg 1983) (Amsterdam: North Holland). No overlap with 1985c.
1985e. 'Come decidere razionalmente le questioni morali', in L. Gianformaggio and E. Lecaldano, eds., Etica e diritto: le vie della giustificazione razionale (Rome: Laterza). English version in 1986i, repr. in 1989b.
1985f. Comment on T. Beauchamp, 'Manipulative Advertising', Business and Professional Ethics Journal 3.
1986a. 'A Kantian Utilitarian Approach', in G. Ezorsky, ed., Moral Rights in the Workplace (New York: State University of New York Press). Excerpt from 1989c, ch. II.
1986b. 'Why Do Applied Ethics?', in R. M. Fox and J. P de Marco, eds., New Directions in Ethics (London: Routledge). Repr. in R. Shehadi and D. M. Rosenthal, eds., Applied Ethics and Ethical Theory (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1988), and in 1989b. Italian translation in M. Mori, ed., Questioni di bioetica (Rome: Riuniti, 1988).
1986c. 'A Reductio ad Absurdum of Descriptivism', in S. Shanker, ed., Philosophy in Britain Today (London: Croom Helm). Repr. in 1989b.
1986d. 'Health', Journal of Medical Ethics 12. Repr. in 1993c.
1986e. 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity in South Africa?', in South African Journal of Philosophy 5. Also in Philosophical Forum 8 (1986). Repr. in P. Collins, ed., Thinking about South Africa (Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1990), and in 1989c.
1986f. 'Punishment and Retributive Justice', Philosophical Topics 2, Papers on Ethics, ed. J. Adler and R. N. Lee. Repr. in 1989c.
1986g. 'Universalizability' and 'Utilitarianism', and articles listed under 1967b, in J. Childress and J. Macquarrie, eds., New Dictionary of Christian Ethics (London: SCM Press), also published as Westminster Dictionary of Christian Ethics (Philadelphia, Pa.: Westminster Press).
1986h. 'Warunkowe i bezwarunkowe obowiazywanie norm moralnych' ('The Conditional and Unconditional Validity of Moral Norms') (reply to Ija Lazari-Pavlowska's paper of the same name), Etyka 22 (Warsaw).
1986i. 'How to Decide Moral Questions Rationally', Critica 18 (English version of 1985e). Repr. in 1989b.
1986j. Comment on Putnam, Critica 18, Appendix.
1987a. 'An Ambiguity in Warnock', Bioethics I.
1987b. 'Moral Reasoning about the Environment:, Journal of Applied Philosophy 4. Repr. in 1989c.
1987c. Review of B. Mayo, The Philosophy of Right and Wrong, Philosophical Quarterly 37.
1987d. 'In Vitro Fertilization and the Warnock Report', in R. E Chadwick, ed., Ethics, Reproduction and Genetic Control (London: Croom Helm). Repr. in 1993c.
1987e. 'Why Moral Language?', in P. Pettit et al., eds., Metaphysics and Morality: Essays in Honour oJ J. J. C. Smart (Oxford: Blackwell). Repr. in 1992d.
1987f. Comment on J. Kaufman. 'Hamlethics in Planning', Business and Professional Ethics Journal 6.
1987g. 'Embryo Experimentation: Public Policy in a Pluralist Society', Bioethics News 7. Repr. in K. Dawson and J. Hudson, eds., IVF: The Current Debate (conference proceedings) (Clayton. Vic.:1987); in H. Kuhse et al., eds., Embryo Experimentation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19go); in K. W. M. Fulford, ed., Medicine and Moral Reasoning (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1994): and 1993C. German translation in H.-M. Sass, ed., Medizin und Ethik (Stuttgart: Reclam, 1989).
1987h. 'La ensenanza de la etica medica: la contribucion de la filosofia', IANO 33.
1988a. 'When Does Potentiality Count? A Comment on Lockwood', Bioethics 2. Repr. in 1993c and in N. Fotion and J. C. Heller, eds., Contingent Future Persons (Dordrecht: Kluwer, forthcoming).
1988b. 'Possible People', Bioethics 2. Repr. in 1993c.
1988c. Comments on R. B. Brandt, W. K. Frankena, A. Gibbard, J. Griffin. J. C. Harsanyi, W. D. Hudson, T. Nagel, D. A. J. Richards. T. M. Scanlon, P. Singer, J. O. Urmson, Z. Vendler, and B. Williams, in D. Seanor and N. Fotion, eds., Hare and Critics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
1988d. 'A Kantian Approach to Abortion' in M. Bayles and K. Henley, eds., Right Conduct: Theories and Applications (New York: Random House). Repr. in S. Luper-Foy and C. Brown, eds., The Moral Life (New York: Holt Rinehart, 1991), and in 1993c, and with commentary and reply by R. B. Brandt in Social Theory and Practice 15 (1989). Spanish translation in Dianoia 36 (1990).
1988e. 'The Poverty of Ideas', Guardian (II Oct.). Repr. in Political Studies Association (June 1990).
1989a. 'Some Sub-atomic Particles of Logic' (pdf file), Mind 98. In 1999.
1989b. Essays in Ethical Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Contains 1964d. 1972a, 1973a, 1976a, 1976b, 1978b, 1979a, 1979g, 1984b. 1984fi. 1985a, 1986b, 1986i, and 1994d. Italian translation, Milan: II Saggiatore, 1992.
1989c. Essays on Political Morality (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Contains 1972c, 1975a, 1976c, 1978d, 1979b, 1979f, 1984c, 1984d, 1984e, 1984g, 1985b, 1986e, 1986f, 1987b, 'The Role of Philosophers in the Legislative Process', 'Rebellion', and 'The Rights of Employees: The European Court of Human Rights and the Case of Young, James and Webster'. Italian translation, Milan: Il Saggiatore, 1995: Arabic (in part), Beirut: Saqi, 1996.
1989d. 'Brandt on Fairness to Happiness', with reply by R. B. Brandt, Social Theory and Practice 15.
1989e. 'Una aproximacion kantiana a la politica sanitaria', Agora 8. Repr. in part as 'Health Care Policy: Some Options' in 1993c.
1989f. Replies to Persson, Rabinowicz, Sandoe, and Wetterstrom, Theoria 55.
1989g. Interview with P. Apsden, Times Higher Education Supplement (June).
1991a. 'Universal Prescriptivism', in P. Singer, ed., A Companion to Ethics (Oxford: Blackwell). German translation in C. Fehlge and G. Meggle. eds., Zum moralischen Denken (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1995).
1991b. 'Are there Moral Authorities?' in D. R. Bromham et al.. eds.. Reproductive Medicine (Berlin: Springer). Repr. in 1992d.
1991c. 'Kant utilitarista?', Materiali per una storia della cultura giuridica 21. English version in 1993a, German in C. Fehige and G. Meggle, eds., Zum moralischen Denken (Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp, 1995).
1992a. 'Morality, Moral Theory and Applied and Professonal Ethics: Reply to Bernard Gert', Professional Ethics I.
1992b. 'One Philosopher's Approach to Business and Professional Ethics', Business and Professional Ethics Journal II. Repr. in C. Cowton and R. Crisp. eds., Business Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press, forthcoming). In 1999.
1992c. 'What are Cities For? The Ethics of Urban Planning', in C. C. W. Taylor, eds., Ethics and the Environment (Oxford: Corpus Christi College). German translation in 19gsa: Italian in S. Moroni. ed., collection on planning and social justice (Milan: Franco Angeli, forthcoming). In 1999.
1992d. Essays on Religion and Education (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Contains 1950c, 1957f, 1964b, 1973b, 1973c, 1974c, 1975h. 1975d, 1976d, 1977c, 1979d, 1987e, 'How did Morality Get a Bad Name?', and 'Satanism and Nihilism'.
1992e. 'Moral Terms', 'Prescriptivism', 'Slavery', 'Universalizability', and 'Weakness of Will', in L. Becker, ed., Encyclopedia of Ethics (New York: Garland).
1992f. 'Utilitarianism and Moral Education: Comment on S. Levy's Paper', Studies in Philosophy and Education II.
1993a 'Could Kant have been a Utilitarian?', Utilitas 5. Also in R. M. Dancy, ed., Kant and Critique (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1993). Repr. in 1998c.
1993b. 'The Ethics of Medical Involvement in Torture: Comment on R. Downie's Paper', Journal of Medical Ethics 19. In 1999.
1993c. Essays on Bioethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Contains 1974b, 1975c, 1977a, 1978a, 1983a,1985c, 1986d, 1987d, 1987g, 1988a, 1988b, 1988d, English version of 1989e, 'Moral Problems about the Control of Behaviour', and 'Why I am only a Demi-Vegetarian'.
1993d. Guest Editorial, 'Is Medical Ethics Lost?', and letter, Journal of Medical Ethics 19. In 1999.
1993e. 'Utilitarianism and Deontological Principles', in R. Gillon, ed.. Principles of Health Care Ethics (Chichester: Wiley).
1993f. 'Brandt's Methods of Ethics', in B. Hooker, ed., Rationality, Rules and Utility: New Essays on Richard Brandt's Moral Philosophy (Boulder, Colo.: Westview).
1993g. 'Objective Prescriptions', in E. Villanueva, ed., Naturalism and Normativity: Philosophical Issues 4 (Atascadero, Calif.: Ridgeview). Also in A. P. Griffiths, ed., Ethics (Royal Institute of Philosophy Lectures 1992/3) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993).
1994a. 'Applied Philosophy and Moral Theory: R. M. Hare talks to Philosophy Today', Philosophy Today 38.
1994b. 'Methods of Bioethics: Some Defective Proposals', Monash Bioethics Review 13. Repr. in J. W. Sumner and J. Boyle, eds., Philosophical Perspectives on Bioethics (Toronto, Ont.: University of Toronto Press, 1996). In 1999.
1994c. 'Philosophie et Conflit', Revue de Metaphysique et Morale 99. English version in 1997b and 1999.
1994d. 'The Structure of Ethics and Morals', in P. Singer, ed., Ethics (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
1995a. Replies to Birnbacher, Corradini, Fehige, Hirsch, Hoche, Kusser, Kutschera, Lampe, Leist Lenzen, Lumer, Millgram, Morscher, Nida Rumelin, Rohs, Schabet, Schone-Seifert, Spitzley, Stranxinger, Trapp, Vogler, Wimmer, and Wolf, in C. Fehige and G. Meggle, eds., Zum moralischen Denken (Frankirt a M Suhrkampt Contains also German translations of 1991a, 1992c, and 1993a.
1995b. 'Off on the Wrong Foot', in J. Couture and K. Nielsen, eds., On the Relevance of Metaethics: New Essays on Metaethics, Canadian Journal of Philosophy Supp. 21; a reply to P. R. Foot, 'Does Moral Subjectivism Rest on a Mistake?', Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 15 (1995). In 1999 as 'Philippa Foot on Subjectivism'.
1996a. 'Philosophy of Language in Ethics', in M. Dascal et al., eds., Handbuch Sprachphilosophie (Berlin: De Gruyter) Repr. revised in 1998c.
1996b 'Imperatifs, prescriptions et leur logique', in M Canto-Sperbet Dictionnaire de philosophie morale (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France). English version in 1999.
1996c 'Foundationalism and Coherentism in Ethics', in W. Sinnott- Armstrong and M. Timmons, eds., Moral Knowledge: New Readings in Moral Epistemology (Oxford: Oxford University Press). In 1999.
1996d. 'A New Kind of Ethical Naturalism?', in P. French et al., eds., Moral Concepts, Midwest Studies in Philosophy 20 (Notre Dame, Ind Notre Dame University Press).In 1999.
1996e. 'Internalism and Externalism in Ethics', in J. Hintikka and K. Puhl eds., Proceedings of the 18th International Wittgenstein Congress (Vienna Holder-Pichler-Tempsky). In 1999.
1996f. 'A Philosophical Self-Portrait', in T. Mautner, ed., A Dictionary of Philosophy (Oxford: Blackwell).
1997a. 'Preferences of Possible People', in C. Fehige and U. Wessels, eds., Preferences (Proceedings of Conference in Saarbrucken, 1992) (Berlin: De Gruyter).
1997b. 'Philosophy and Conflict', in O. Neumaier et al., eds., Applied Ethics in a Troubled World (Proceedings of aborted 15th International Wittgenstein Congress) (Dordrecht Kluwer). The English version of 1994c. In 1999.
1997c. Sorting Out Ethics, containing 'A Taxonomy of Ethical Theories' (the Axel Hagerstrom Lectures given in Uppsala in 1991), 'Defence of the Enterprise', 1993a, 1996a, and bibliography of R. M. Hare's writings 1949-98 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Chapter 8: Could Kant have been a Utilitarian?http://deontology.com/
1998a. 'Prescriptivism', in E. Craig, ed., Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy (London: Routledge).
1998b. 'A Utilitarian Approach to Ethics', in H. Kuhse and P. Singer, eds., A Companion to Bioethics (Oxford: Blackwell). Expanded version in 1999.
1998c. 'Towards Objectivity in Morals', in Ouyang Kang and S. Fuller, eds., Contemporary British and American Philosophy and Philosophers (Beijing: People's Press). Based on 1994d, with additional autobiographical material. In Chinese; English version planned.
1998d. Interview, 'Die Vernunft kommt zuerst', in Borchers et al., eds., in Einladen zum Denken (Vienna: Holder-Pichler-Tempsky).
1998e. 'Preferences of Possible People', in C. Fehige and U. Wessels, eds., Preferences (Berlin: De Gruyer). In 1999.
1999. Objective Prescriptions and Other Essays (Oxford: Clarendon Press) 1993g, 1998a, 1992e, 1989a, 1996b (in English), 1997b, 1996d, 1995b, 1996e, 1992e, 1996e, 1998d, 1994b, expanded version of 1998b, 1993d, 'Loyalty and Obedience', 'Why Racism is an Evil', 1993b, 1992b, 1992c.

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